"Ranney well" refers to a water well or collection system with a central chamber and horizontal perforated pipes extending into an aquifer. The perforated pipes may extend beneath a body of surface water like a lake or river.

Wastewater is water that can no longer be used for its original purpose. A water treatment plant is where wastewater goes after it leaves homes and businesses through sewage pipes. The sewage system has miles of lines under the ground that carries waste water to a treatment plant where it is cleaned.

Congested metropolitan centers and fast-growing state capitals need water and sewage pipeline upgrades. New communication, power, and gas pipelines are required. In India, trenchless technology is used to complete 10,000 km of work annually. Trenchless technology with "NO-DIG" installation is best for all utilities. It installs steel and plastic pipes and wires under streets, rivers, drains, highways, and trains without excavating or disturbing them. It dramatically reduces surface maintenance and repair costs. Big machinery can install 300 mm pipes 200 meters long in a day.

The term "water distribution network" refers to the system of interconnected water supply points, pipes, and hydraulic control components (such as pumps, valves, regulators, and storage tanks) that supply water to consumers at the specified flow rates, pressures, and water quality standards.

O&M refers to all the work that goes into keeping an asset in good working order so that it can continue to offer the necessary services for as long as possible, as well as all routine repairs, replacement of worn or broken parts, and other similar tasks.